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Silane Coupling Agent

Silane Coupling Agent

Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials. Encounters between dissimilar materials often involve at least one member that’s siliceous or has surface chemistry with siliceous properties; silicates, aluminates, borates, etc., are the principal components of the earth’s crust. Interfaces involving such materials have become a dynamic area of chemistry in which surfaces have been modified in order to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure.

R-(CH2)n—Si—X3

The general formula for a silane coupling agent typically shows the two classes of functionality. X is a hydrolyzable group typically alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen or amine. Following hydrolysis, a reactive silanol group is formed, which can condense with other silanol groups, for example, those on the surface of siliceous fillers, to form siloxane linkages. Stable condensation products are also formed with other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. Less stable bonds are formed with oxides of boron, iron, and carbon. Alkali metal oxides and carbonates do not form stable bonds with Si-O-. The R group is a nonhydrolyzable organic radical that may posses a functionality that imparts desired characteristics.

The final result of reacting an organosilane with a substrate ranges from altering the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizing the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, ordering the interfacial region, and modifying its partition characteristics. Significantly, it includes the ability to effect a covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials.

In the vast majority of surface treatment applications, silane coupling agents set up a module bridge between the interfaces of different materials, thus enhance the strength and adhesiveness of compound materials. Reaction of silanes involves four steps. Initially, hydrolysis of the labile groups occurs. Condensation to oligomers follows. The oligomers then hydrogen bond with OH groups of the substrate. Finally during drying or curing, a covalent linkage is formed with the substrate with concomitant loss of water. Although described sequentially, these reactions can occur simultaneously after the initial hydrolysis step. At the interface, there is usually only one bond from each silicon of the organosilane to the substrate surface. The two remaining silanol groups are present either in condensed or free form. The R group remains available for covalent reaction or physical interaction with other phases.

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